What aspects influence the fracture toughness of metallic materials?

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The magnitude of the fracture toughness is influenced by various factors, such as specimen shape, temperature, loading rate, and material microstructure. Certain environmental conditions, such as corrosion, can affect the toughness. In addition, the accuracy of the measured fracture toughness value is also affected by residual stresses, material properties, and even the pre-cracking quality of the specimen used for testing.

Q: How is Mode I fracture toughness different from other types of fracture toughness?
A: The most common and most important type of fracture in engineering is Mode I fracture (also called the opening mode). This is one of the failure modes where the crack surfaces move perpendicular to the fracture plane. ASTM E focuses more on testing Mode I fracture toughness. Other modes, such as Mode II (in-plane shear) and Mode III (out-of-plane shear), are less common; however, they may be required for some applications. Different test setups and analysis procedures must be followed to determine the fracture toughness of these modes.

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What is the definition of CNC machining?
What is the definition of CNC machining?

CNC machining stands for Computer Numerical Control Machining, a manufacturing process that uses computer-controlled machine tools. The process follows programmed instructions and involves precise cutting, shaping, and machining of materials. Because CNC machining can produce consistently accurate, high-quality components and requires minimal pre-programmed human intervention, it has become commonplace in industrial plants.